Embedded system vehicle based on multi-sensor fusion

As intelligent driving vehicles came out of concept into people’s life, the combination of safe driving and artificial intelligence becomes the new direction of future transportation development. Autonomous driving technology is developing based on control algorithms and model recognitions. In this paper, a cloud-based interconnected multi-sensor fusion autonomous vehicle system is proposed that uses deep learning (YOLOv4) and improved ORB algorithms to identify pedestrians, vehicles, and various traffic signs. A cloud-based interactive system is built to enable vehicle owners to master the situation of their vehicles at any time. In order to meet multiple application of automatic driving vehicles, the environment perception technology of multi-sensor fusion processing has broadened the uses of automatic driving vehicles by being equipped with automatic speech recognition (ASR), vehicle following mode and road patrol mode. These functions enable automatic driving to be used in applications such as agricultural irrigation, road firefighting and contactless delivery under new coronavirus outbreaks. Finally, using the embedded system equipment, an intelligent car was built for experimental verification, and the overall recognition accuracy of the system was over 96%. Author

Cyber-Physical Modeling of Intelligent Traffic Controllers Using Simulator for Urban Mobility (SUMO)

Transportation problems have always been a global concern. The challenges in traffic congestion were easily observed during pre-pandemic times. However, traffic congestion still persists even during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020 and present) where there has been less number of vehicles because of travel restrictions. The emergence of wireless communication technologies and intelligent transportation systems (ITS) pave the way for solving some of the problems found in the transportation industry. Subsequently, traffic control systems are used at various intersections to manage the flow of traffic and reduce car collisions. However, some intersections are better off without these traffic control systems. The proposed study will analyze a T-junction road in five different setups using different types of traffic controllers. The simulation tool used is SUMO. The study found that an adaptive or vehicle-actuated traffic controller is the ideal method for regulating traffic flow in a T-junction with a one-way or two-way main road. It was observed in the simulation that it reduced the potential car collisions in the non-TL junction. However, the average speed and completion time of the road network was affected by the method. © 2022 IEEE.

S-Nav: Safety-Aware IoT Navigation Tool for Avoiding COVID-19 Hotspots

In this article, we present a [Formula Omitted]-learning-enabled safe navigation system—S-Nav—that recommends routes in a road network by minimizing traveling through categorically demarcated COVID-19 hotspots. S-Nav takes the source and destination as inputs from the commuters and recommends a safe path for traveling. The S-Nav system dodges hotspots and ensures minimal passage through them in unavoidable situations. This feature of S-Nav reduces the commuter's risk of getting exposed to these contaminated zones and contracting the virus. To achieve this, we formulate the reward function for the reinforcement learning model by imposing zone-based penalties and demonstrate that S-Nav achieves convergence under all conditions. To ensure real-time results, we propose an Internet of Things (IoT)-based architecture by incorporating the cloud and fog computing paradigms. While the cloud is responsible for training on large road networks, the geographically aware fog nodes take the results from the cloud and retrain them based on smaller road networks. Through extensive implementation and experiments, we observe that S-Nav recommends reliable paths in near real time. In contrast to state-of-the-art techniques, S-Nav limits passage through red/orange zones to almost 2% and close to 100% through green zones. However, we observe 18% additional travel distances compared to precarious shortest paths.

Urban Mobility in the Postpandemic Stage: A Comprehensive Investigation of a Variety of Cities in China

The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the urban mobility of nations around the world. The pandemic may even have a potentially lasting impact on travel behaviors during the post-pandemic stage. China has basically stopped the spread of COVID-19 and reopened the economy, providing an unprecedented environment for investigating post-pandemic travel behaviors. This study conducts multiple investigations to show the changes in travel behaviors in the post-pandemic stage, on the basis of empirical travel data in a variety of cities in China. Specifically, this study demonstrates the changes in road network travel speed in 57 case cities and the changes in subway ridership in 26 case cities. Comprehensive comparisons can indicate the potential modal share in the post-pandemic stage. Further, this study conducts a case analysis of Beijing, where the city has experienced two waves of COVID-19. The variations in travel speed in the road network of Beijing at different stages of the pandemic help reveal the public's responses towards the varying severity of the pandemic. Finally, a case study of the Yuhang district in Hangzhou is conducted to demonstrate the changes in traffic volume and vehicle travel distance amid the post-pandemic stage based on license plate recognition data. Results indicate a decline in subway trips in the post-pandemic stage among case cities. The vehicular traffic in cities with subways has recovered in peak hours on weekdays and has been even more congested than the pre-pandemic levels;whereas the vehicular traffic in cities without subways has not rebounded to pre-pandemic levels. This situation implies a potential modal shift from public transportation to private vehicular travel modes. Results also indicate that commuting traffic is sensitive to the severity of the pandemic. This may be because countermeasures, e.g., work-from-home and suspension of non-essential businesses, will be implemented if the pandemic restarts. The travel speed in non-peak hours and on non-workdays is higher than pre-pandemic levels, indicating that non-essential travel demand may be reduced and the public's vigilance towards the pandemic may continue to the post-pandemic stage. These findings can help improve policymaking strategies in the post-pandemic new normal. © 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.

Governing Rural Poverty on Urban Streets: Guangzhou's Management of Beggars in the Reform Era

This study investigates how discourses on panhandling intertwine with the governance of beggars on China's urban streets. It focuses on local policy implementation in Guangzhou city, led by the bureau of civil affairs along with its centres for "custody and repatriation” and "assistance stations.” The study aims to understand how the state regulates panhandling and engages with beggars in public spaces. Exploring the internal logic of the state's approach and how it has changed during the 40 years of reform, it also considers the junctures at which contradictions and conflicts arise. Based on fieldwork data (2011 to 2014) and the analysis of government documents, yearbooks, academic and mass media discourses, I argue that the state's treatment of panhandlers poses a conundrum as welfare measures conflict with control. While several layers of state regulation and actors contradict each other and create grey areas of state-induced informality, people who beg for alms are continuously criminalized and excluded from public space.

Repurposing of reception shaft, Mumbai Coastal Road Project – Case study

As part of Mumbai Coastal Road Project-the connection between Nariman Point and Bandra Worli, a total length of 10.58 km-Package IV (MCRP4) includes submarine twin tube tunnels. Current Package's total length is 4,480 m, of which 2,008 m are excavated by means of one slurry shield and supported/lined by precast segments. Each tube will accommodate a three-lane carriageway, for an internal diameter of 11 m and an excavation diameter 12.19 m. To enable the launching and receiving of the TBM, two shafts were constructed at North end and South end of the package. The reception shaft is 42m long and 30m wide with a depth of 26m below the ground formation level at +3.0 msl. The intention was to disassemble the TBM after the first drive to reassemble and relaunch it from the original shaft – the "launch-ing shaft”. However, due to logistical constraints, given the project location in a dense urban setting, and due to time delays, because of stoppage of works during Covid lockdown, the Contractor of the project decided to relaunch the TBM from the reception shaft itself by rotating the TBM and save approx. 60-75 days. Due to this dynamic need of the project, reception shaft was repurposed for relaunching with additional ancillary structures (like Heavy weight modular gantry crane foundations, TBM reaction frame, Slurry treatment plant on surface etc.,) in and around the shaft which weren't foreseen during the excavation of shaft. This paper discusses design aspects with special focus on challenges which were needed for this repurposing of shaft. © 2023 The Author(s).

Active Transportation, For Who?

Our world has drastically changed since COVID-19 hit in March. Half of the department stores anchoring retail districts have closed permanently. Hotels are projecting occupancies below 20 percent. Student housing, multi-family, and senior housing demand have experienced uncharacteristic, disproportional demand reductions. Increased work from home has reduced the need for office space. Major event venues are closed. Active transportation depends upon people's need to travel. Here, McCourt examines what happens when near-term events etch indelible change in how and what people find a need to travel for.

Community Resilience Assessment and Identification of Barriers in the Context of Population Aging: A Case Study of Changchun City, China

As a susceptible demographic, elderly individuals are more prone to risks during sudden disasters. With the exacerbation of aging, new challenges arise for urban disaster reduction and prevention. To address this, the key is to establish a community-scale resilience assessment framework based on the aging background and to summarize factors that influence the resilience level of communities. This approach is a crucial step towards seeking urban disaster prevention and reduction from the bottom up, and serves as an important link to enhance the capacity of urban disaster reduction. This paper explores community resilience evaluation indicators under the background of aging, builds a community resilience evaluation index system based on the Pressure–State–Response, uses the entropy weight method to weigh the indicators, and carries out a resilience evaluation of 507 communities in the main urban area of Changchun. The empirical results indicate significant spatial differentiation of community resilience in the main urban area of Changchun. Moreover, the regional development is unbalanced, showing a spatial distribution pattern of weakness in the middle and strength in the periphery. The ring road network highlights the difference between the new and old urban areas. The high contribution indexes of community resilience in the main urban area of Changchun were concentrated on disaster relief materials input, community self-rescue ability, and disaster cognition ability. Finally, strategies to improve community resilience are proposed from the perspectives of stress, state, and response, emphasizing community residents' participation, conducting disaster prevention and reduction training, and improving community response-ability.

Institutional Differences and the Choice of Outward Foreign Direct Investment Mode under the "Belt and Road” Initiative: Experience Analysis Based on China's Manufacturing Enterprises

Based on 1692 outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) events of 735 A-share listed companies in China's manufacturing industry from 2010 to 2019, this paper empirically examines the effect of investment motivation and the impact of institutional differences between China and the host country on the choice of OFDI entry mode;the paper also investigates the moderating effect of the "Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI) on Chinese manufacturing enterprises (CMEs) through use of the logit model. The empirical results show that, with greater institutional differences, CMEs become more inclined to choose cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Furthermore, a positive moderating effect of resource-seeking motivation on the choice of M&A OFDI by CMEs is observed. The signing of the "Belt and Road” cooperation document positively moderates institutional differences in promoting CMEs—especially state-owned CMEs—to choose the M&A mode. The "Belt and Road” Initiative provides an efficient supply system for OFDI by CMEs. This study enriches and extends existing institutional theories and provides suggestions for the promotion of the geopolitical pattern and international cooperation regarding the "Belt and Road” Initiative.

Optimal Deployment of Cordon Sanitaire with Available Testing Capacity

During the COVID-19 pandemic, authorities in many places have implemented various countermeasures, including setting up a cordon sanitaire to restrict population movement. This paper proposes a bi-level programming model to deploy a limited number of parallel checkpoints at each entry link around the cordon sanitaire to achieve a minimum total waiting time for all travelers. At the lower level, it is a transportation network equilibrium with queuing for a fixed travel demand and given road network. The feedback process between trip distribution and trip assignment results in the predicted waiting time and traffic flow for each entry link. For the lower-level model, the method of successive averages is used to achieve a network equilibrium with queuing for any given allocation decision from the upper level, and the reduced gradient algorithm is used for traffic assignment with queuing. At the upper level, it is a queuing network optimization model. The objective is the minimization of the system's total waiting time, which can be derived from the predicted traffic flow and queuing delay time at each entry link from the lower-level model. Since it is a nonlinear integer programming problem that is hard to solve, a genetic algorithm with elite strategy is designed. An experimental study using the Nguyen-Dupuis road network shows that the proposed methods effectively find a good heuristic optimal solution. Together with the findings from two additional sensitivity tests, the proposed methods are beneficial for policymakers to determine the optimal deployment of cordon sanitaire given limited resources. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2021.

Wulumuqi Road

Old-style lilong housing (shikumen 石库门, ‘stone-framed gate') comprised row houses along lanes within a walled border, with a mixture of Western and Chinese design elements, the latter including a walled front courtyard. Dihua (‘enlighten and educate') was an alternative name for Ürümqi and was also the Qing Empire's description of its army's extermination campaign against the Zungar rebellion in one of the bloodiest wars of the eighteenth century. The area thus contrasts sharply with the dominant patterns of urban commercial and residential development in China of mid- or hig-hrise apartment buildings grouped within gated perimeter walls—a spatial form that has proved particularly conducive to administration and control. The fire was the latest in a series of outrages large and small in the wake of China's zero-Covid policy: suicides, those who died without access to emergency medical services, the 27 dead in a Guizhou bus crash while being transported to a quarantine site in September, the workers of Foxconn in Zhengzhou who escaped en masse from their appalling lockdown conditions in late October, the unemployed, the bankrupt, students prevented from leaving their campuses, and the many and varied deprivations of normal life.

China's Health Silk Road in the Middle East and North Africa amidst COVID-19 and a Contested World Order

The COVID-19 pandemic has offered China a unique opportunity for worldwide deployment of its longstanding health diplomacy, renamed the Health Silk Road (HSR), now an integral part of its Belt and Road Initiative. As a self-proclaimed South-South collaborator and developer,11Niall Duggan, ‘China's changing role in its all-weather friendship with Africa', In, Sebastian Harnisch, Sebastian Bersick, and Jörn-Carsten Gottwald (Eds). China's International Roles: Challenging or Supporting International Order? (Role Theory and International Relations) (London: Routledge, 2015), pp. 207-225..Beijing has assumed a leadership role, grounded in ‘moral realism', in the world's health governance. Beijing's health diplomacy has received acclaim in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). However, the pandemic has exacerbated preexisting tensions between China, the United States (US) and European Union (EU). Western countries, wary of China's rising power, reacted resentfully, confirming underlying systemic rivalry. This article argues that the currently disputed, or shifting, world order accounts for the diametrically opposed reactions between the West and the MENA toward China's Health Silk Road.

Open Streets for Whom?

The COVID-19 pandemic has created opportunities for cities to close streets to automobile traffic in the name of public health. Although these interventions promise numerous benefits, neighborhood activists and scholars of color suggest they can perpetuate structurally racist inequities. In this Viewpoint, we implore planners and other city builders to think critically about the impact of these interventions by employing an environmental justice framework. Applying this framework in the open streets context exposes several potential paradoxes that arise. We conclude with a set of best practices that can help city builders transcend these paradoxes and extend this livability revolution to all.

The language of suppression: Muslims, migrant workers, and India's response to COVID-19

When a society faces a moment of crisis, its language can mirror, expose, and reinforce societal chaos and fault lines. As India came to terms with COVID-19, the coronavirus' impacts on different populations exposed and widened India's deep social, economic, and religious divides. This article studies the language of India's response to COVID-19 surrounding three major events that occurred in the early months of the pandemic: the janta curfew, the Tablighi Jamaat incident, and the migrant worker crisis. Through an analysis of media reports, speeches made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and representations on social media, we see how forms of linguistic trickery—silence, presuppositions, accommodations, othering, dog whistling, and povertyism—were used to suppress, harm, and marginalize two minority groups: Muslims and migrant workers. This article demonstrates how those in power use language to reflect, shape, and reinforce meaning, social hierarchies, and marginalization in a time of crisis. (Linguistic trickery, othering, silence, presupposition, accommodation, dog whistling, povertyism)

Chronic sleep disturbance among adult Canadians: Associations and implications to the evaluation of noise impacts under Canada's Impact Assessment Act

The Canadian Perspectives on Environmental Noise Survey was completed online by 6647 randomly selected Canadians 18 years of age and older between April 12 and May 25, 2021. The survey objective was to explore attitudes, perceptions, and expectations toward environmental noise in rural and non-rural Canada. The questionnaire assessed self-reported high sleep disturbance (HSD) in the previous year, at home. The prevalence of HSD was 7.8% overall. A list of potential sources of sleep disturbance was provided to the full sample, where 6.1%, 5.2%, and 3.0% reported HSD by noisy neighbors, road traffic noise and indoor noise, respectively. Stress/anxiety or worrying about something was selected most frequently at 12.9%. Finally, 7.6% and 5.5% reported pain/illness and partner's sleep disturbance, respectively, as sources of HSD. Reported HSD was significantly higher among respondents below 55 years of age, females, lower income groups, unemployed respondents, those on paid leave (sick, maternity, disability), and living in an urban area. Expectations of quiet, perceiving nighttime noise to have increased over time, high noise sensitivity, hearing and being highly annoyed by road traffic noise was also associated with an increased prevalence of reporting HSD. In contrast to hearing impairment and heart disease (including high blood pressure);rated physical health, mental health, anxiety/depression, and reporting a sleep disorder, were associated with increased HSD. The perceived affects of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and annoyance toward environmental and indoor noise also influenced HSD. In the fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression model, the effect of age, gender, changes in nighttime noise, road traffic noise annoyance, noise sensitivity and sleep disorder remained statistically significant. The univariate and multivariate models showed a similar prevalence of HSD between Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous Canadians. Results are discussed in relation to the provision of advice on sleep and health under Canada's Impact Assessment Act. © 2023

"Leave us alone”: ‘right to the city' of street vendors along Main North 1 Road, Maseru, Lesotho

This article explores the lived daily experiences of street vendors operating along the Main North 1 Road in the CBD of Maseru, Lesotho. This exploration considers how street vendors access and negotiate a claim for the right to the street. The challenges confronting these vendors in their daily hustling, including COVID-19 restrictions, are also examined. A narrative inquiry research design informs this article with data collected from interviews with purposively selected street vendors from Maseru. This primary data was triangulated with document analysis to increase the validity of the findings. The findings highlight strategies employed by vendors in Maseru that include integrating with the formal enterprises, diversifying their trades, resisting and frustrating certain decisions by the local authorities, and contributing to urban blight. A framework for interrogating and understanding street vending and its nuances is postulated based on the findings from Maseru. The article strongly appeals to the authorities to find more benign ways of integrating street vending into the production of cities. © 2023, The Author(s).

Mapping the Suitability of Existing and Probable Isolation Facilities

This study aimed to map the accessibility of the existing isolation facilities in Cabagan, Isabela, and propose probable locations suitable for establishing isolation facilities using the Geographic Information System (GIS). Digital datasets of the current isolation facilities were used in the study, along with factors such as land uses, hazards, landfills, and road networks that should be taken into consideration when choosing potential locations for isolation facilities. These factors follow the guidelines set by the Department of Health (DOH). The processing and generation of layers related to the criteria were done using GIS techniques, specifically overlay analysis tools. In order to project an appropriate map of potential isolation facilities in Cabagan, Isabela, the layers were combined and overlaid. The existing isolation facilities are accessible to Milagros Albano District Hospital (MADH) since all of them are adjacent to national or barangay roads. More than half, or 65.38%, of the isolation facilities, belong to areas with low to moderate susceptibility to flooding, and 26.92% are in areas with high susceptibility to flooding. Furthermore, all isolation facilities are open to the public, with 53.85% of existing isolation facilities in residential areas, 7.69% in commercial areas, and 38.46% in agricultural areas. The suitability map of proposed isolation facilities was successfully generated, showing that 100% of the proposed isolation facilities are accessible from any road network in the municipality with low and moderate susceptibility to flooding and low susceptibility to landslides. © 2022 IEEE.

Road Development Risks and Challenges in the Philippines

The Philippines, as a fast-growing country, has had the highest road infrastructure investment to date for the past five years compared to the previous years. The infrastructure programs of the government as a solution to decongest Metro Manila and develop the countryside for economic growth are promising yet result in various risks and challenges. This research presents the road development issues from multiple sources;primary data from interviews of stakeholders of road development, secondary data from online news articles, social network services, government issuance, policies, and related literature. The Philippines is in a dire economic situation due to the Covid-19 outbreak that resulted in the country's worst economic performance since the Asian financial crisis in 1998. The country's economic managers pinned high hopes on the government infrastructure programs as a vital strategy to help pump-prime the economy towards recovery due to its job generation and multiplier effects. Hence, it implicates enormous risks and challenges such as low tax revenues, the trade-off with more urgent Covid-19 response measures, foreign and private companies support, unsolicited project proposals, inequitable distribution of infrastructures, and delays in construction activities. Various road development stakeholders also mentioned the need for strict road regulations, urban and regional planning, aesthetic improvement, urban renewal in aid of car-centric infrastructures, and routine maintenance on-road sections. The data are structured in various categories such as public involvement, environmental preservation, public policy, project planning, road design, road safety, economic recovery, and construction time. Lastly, the implications for future research directions are discussed. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Does traffic really disappear when roads are closed?

This paper describes two studies that aimed to explore the impacts of pedestrianisation or road closures on traffic displacement, travel behaviour and the phenomenon of ‘disappearing traffic'. The first study surveyed residents whose travel routes were affected by a small-scale localised pedestrianisation scheme in the centre of a town. The second measured the traffic impacts of a temporary closure of a strategic bridge in a city centre. In the first case, the pedestrianisation produced no change in the modal shares of travel of residents. Drivers continued to drive to the same locations by longer routes. In the second case, the closure caused some traffic displacement and increased journey times but also reduced traffic volumes in both the immediate area and across the city. This paper concludes by discussing the remaining knowledge gaps on disappearing traffic, made more pressing by the decisions of authorities to reallocate road space during the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis.

Ventilation efficiency in road vehicles and probability of respiratory infection

This study experimentally measured the ventilation efficiency in road vehicles. Two air circulation methods, air conditioning and opening windows, were considered and their ventilation efficiencies were measured for a sedan and a cutaway bus. The ventilation efficiencies have been evaluated by measuring the aerosol concentration parameter at different locations inside the vehicle. For both vehicles, any of the ventilation scenarios significantly increased the air exchange rate. The best performance was shown when all windows were open in a moving vehicle. As an illustration of using the obtained measurements, respiratory infection probability was calculated using the Wells-Riley model. Any of the ventilation cases significantly decreased the infection risk. The ventilation efficiency and infection probability were highly dependent on the air circulation method and vehicle type. © 2023 The Author(s)